A blister on the toe is a fluid-filled pocket that often develops due to friction. Blisters can be caused by insect bites, allergies, burns, skin infections, autoimmune diseases, and excessive exposure to sun or moisture.
Armpit pain can have many causes, ranging from injuries and irritants to infections that cause swollen lymph nodes. Less commonly, the pain—referred to as axillary pain—may be due to an autoimmune or arterial disease, nerve compression, and malignancies like breast cancer.
An injury or arthritis most likely causes pain outside the knee. A doctor can determine the cause based on your other symptoms and the results of imaging tests.
Range of motion (ROM) is a measurement of the distance and direction a joint can move to its full potential. Hip ROM is dictated by the ball-and-socket hip joint, which is made up of the femur (thighbone) and pelvis. They fit together in a way that allows for fluid, repeated motion—and a fair amount of wear and tear—but the joint isn’t indestructible.
Definitive and successful treatment of end stage ankle arthritis is either Total Ankle Replacement (TAR) or Ankle Fusion (AF). Both options place patients on an irreversible pathway that risks harm from further surgery. AF may predispose patients to subsequent hindfoot joint fusion and TAR is associated with high rates of complex revision surgery. The aim is to improve decision making by investigating the risks of further surgery, adjacent joint surgery and rare but serious complications of AF versus TAR.
